FootnotesKucera, H and Francis, W. N., Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English, Brown University Press, Providence, Rhode Island, 1967.
2 Francis, I. S, "An Exposition of a Statistical Approach to the Federalist Dispute", in Leed, J, The Computer and Literary Style, Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio, 1966.
3 See (among other references) Morton, A. Q and Levison, M, "Some Indicators of Authorship in Greek Prose" in Leed, J, The Computer and Literary Style, op. cit.
4 There are in fact three separate and distinct symbol codes in use among computer manufacturers. These are referred as ASCII, BCD and EBCDIC. ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most popular. The code selected by a manufacturer does not affect the essence of the processes described above, only the details.
5Although there has been a good deal of progress made in the development of cheap OCR's for certain specialized typefaces, until recently no one had been able to construct commercially a reasonably priced device for general character recognition that would convert the shape of a letter printed on a page in any one of a large variety of possible typefaces into the string of binary digits the computer is expecting. There were a few machines in production that could recognize more than one typeface, and that could be taught to recognize others, but their price was measured in hundreds of thousands of dollars. scope. Recently, however, Kurzweil has produced a device costing some $25,000 which will read a variety of typefaces, and styles. This is already cost-effective for sites with even a small text input requirement, and as the price inevitably drops should revolutionize the field of text entry. Software is also starting to appear which will accept scanned images and interpret it as text.
6 This description is only given here in the most general terms possible, and ignores many of the problems found in reality.
7 For some of the substance of sections 1.3 and 1.4, I am indebted to John B. Smith's article, "Computer Criticism" in Style, Vol. 12, No. 4, Fall 1978, pp. 326 - 356. References to Smith in this section will be to this article unless otherwise indicated.
8 Smith, op. cit, p. 334.
9 op. cit, p. 334.
10 2nd edition, University of Texas Press, Austin, 1968.
11 In Issues in Contemporary Literary Criticism, ed. G.T. Polletta, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1973, pp. 372 - 389.
12 In his Critical Essays, translated by R. Howard, North Western University Press, Evanston, 1972.
13 op. cit, pp. 216 - 217.
14 Halliday, M.A.K, "Categories of the Theory of Grammar", in Word, Vol. 17, 1961, pp. 270 - 271. See also his and R. Hasan's Cohesion in English.
15 Smith, op. cit, p. 337.
16 Smith, op. cit, pp. 338 - 9.
17 Smith, op. cit, p. 340.
18 Smith, op. cit, p. 340.
19 Smith, op. cit, pp. 340 - 343.
20 Dolezel, L, and Bailey, R. W (eds), Statistics and Style, Elsevier, New York, 1969.
21 Smith, op. cit, p. 347.
22 Hill and Wang, N.Y, 1974.
23 "Linguistic Function and Literary Style", in S. Chatman (ed.), Literary Style, Oxford University Press, London, 1971, pp. 330 - 68.
24 Smith, op. cit, p. 351.
25 AWD p. 102, DVW Vol III, p. 118. All references to diary entries in the text will be by date. References to the two different published versions of the diary will be given in the footnotes.
26 AWD p. 105, DVW Vol III p. 131.
27 AWD p. 137, DVW Vol III p. 203.
28 AWD p. 133, DVW Vol III p. 198.
29 AWD p. 143, DVW Vol III pp. 229 - 230.
30 AWD p. 146, DVW Vol III p. 257.
31 AWD p. 159, DVW Vol III p. 312.
32 AWD p. 172, DVW Vol IV p. 35.
33 AWD p. 159, DVW Vol III p. 303.
34 Graham, J. W (ed.), Virginia Woolf - The Waves: The Two Holograph Drafts, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1976.
35 AWD p. 158, DVW Vol III p. 302.
36 AWD p. 167, DVW Vol IV p. 8.
37 AWD p. 169, DVW Vol IV p. 10. The passage continues "I mean that I have netted that fin in the waste of water which appeared to me over the marshes out of my window at Rodmell when I was coming to an end of To the Lighthouse". This seems to be a reference to an entry for the 30th of September, 1926, where she muses: "One sees a fin passing far out. What image can I reach to convey what I mean ... I hazard the guess that it may be the impulse behind another book." (AWD p. 102, DVW Vol III p. 113) - as indeed it was.
38 J. Naremore, The World without a Self, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1973, p. 153.
39 The Waves, p. 100
40 The Waves, p. 89
41 The Waves, p. 162.
42 AWD p. 159, DVW III p. 312.
43 S. Gorsky, Virginia Woolf, Twayne, Boston, Mass., 1978, pp. 110 - 111.
44 J. Hafley, The Glass Roof: Virginia Woolf as Novelist, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1954, p. 182.
45 T. J. Burrows in his survey of Woolf criticism (Virginia Woolf - A Guide to Research, Garland, New York and London, 1984) lists the following figures for both English and Foreign-Language publications as of January the 1st, 1984:
Studies of The Waves (Books and Essay Collections): 5
Studies of The Waves (Critical Articles or Chapters in books): 57
Books containing significant additional critical commentaries: 38
Critical Articles in journals: 33
Ph. D. Theses:
46 This is the total number of words in the chapters as a percentage of the total number or words in the book.
47 Only the major critical works readily obtainable in Australia were surveyed (for further details, see Critical Works in the Bibliography). Some works came to my attention too late to be included in this study, and these have not been included in the discussion.
48 D. Daiches, Virginia Woolf, PL, London, 1945.
49 A. Van Buren Kelley, The Novels of Virginia Woolf, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1973.
50 M. A. Leaska, The Novels of Virginia Woolf, Jon Jay Press, City University of New York, 1977.
51 J. F. Burrows, "Modal Verbs and Moral Principles: An Aspect of Jane Austen's Style", in Literary and Linguistic Computing, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1986.
52 J. Guiguet, Virginia Woolf and Her Works, Hogarth Press, London, 1965.
53 D. Brewster, Virginia Woolf, New York University Press, N.Y., 1962.
54 H. Richter, Virginia Woolf - The Inward Voyage, Princeton University Press, U.S.A, 1970.
55 M. Rosenthal, Virginia Woolf, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1979.
56 S. Gorsky, "The Central Shadow: Characterization in The Waves", in Modern Fiction Studies, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 449 - 466.
57 S. Gorsky, Virginia Woolf, Twayne, Boston, Massachusetts, 1978.
58 V. Woolf, Collected Essays, Vol. III, p. 111.
59 These views are also stated, essentially unchanged, in her book: S. Gorsky, Virginia Woolf, Twayne, Boston, Massachusetts, 1978.
60 A.D. Moody, Virginia Woolf, Oliver and Boyd, London, 1963.
61 I. Rantavaara, Virginia Woolf's The Waves, Helsinki, 1960.
62 N.T. Bazin, Virginia Woolf and the Androgynous Vision, Rutgers University Press, N.J, 1973.
63 J. Naremore, The World Without a Self, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1973.
64 N.C. Thakur, The Symbolism of Virginia Woolf, Oxford University Press, London, 1965.
65 J. W. Graham, "Point of View in The Waves: Some Services of the Style" in University of Toronto Quarterly, 39, April 1970, pp. 193-215. Unless otherwise stated, the critics and their works referred to in this section are the same as in the previous section.
66 M. Payne, "The Eclipse of Order: The Ironic Structure of The Waves", in Modern Fiction Studies, Vol. 15, No. 2, Summer 1969, pp. 209 - 218.
67 In fact, Bazin is here quoting from J. Schaefer, The Three-Fold Nature of Reality in the Novels of Virginia Woolf, Studies in English Literature, Volume VII, Mouton, The Hague, 1965, p. 139.
68 S. Gorsky, Virginia Woolf, Twayne, Boston, Massachusetts, 1978.
69An entire book (Virginia Woolf - A Guide to Research, op cit.) has been published listing books, articles and theses.
70 N.T. Bazin, Virginia Woolf and the Androgynous Vision, Rutgers University Press, N.J, 1973, p. 158
71 A. Van Buren Kelley, The Novels of Virginia Woolf, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1973, p. 149
72 M.A Leaska, The Novels of Virginia Woolf, John Jay Press, City University of New York, 1977, pp. 161 - 2
73 A.D. Moody, Virginia Woolf, Oliver and Boyd, London, 1963, p. 50
74 H. Richter, Virginia Woolf - The Inward Voyage, Princeton University Press, U.S.A, 1970, p.101
75 N.C. Thakur, The Symbolism of Virginia Woolf, Oxford University Press, London, 1965, p. 109
76 S. Gorsky, Virginia Woolf, Twayne, Boston, Massachusetts, 1978, pp. 111 - 112
77 A Van Buren Kelley, op. cit, p. 149
78 J. Naremore, The World Without a Self, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1973, p. 145.
79 M. Rosenthal, Virginia Woolf, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1979, p. 149
80 A.D. Moody, Virginia Woolf, Oliver and Boyd, London, 1963, p. 51
81 N.C. Thakur, op. cit, p. 109 19
82 This chapter only provides a general account of the processes involved. For a more detailed and technical discussion of the textual input, and the programs which were used to process it, the reader is referred to Appendix A - Details of the Computational Techniques.
83 Included as Appendix A, section 3.
84See Appendix B, section 2.3.
85 See, among others:
Cluett, R, "Style, Precept, and Personality", in Computers and The Humanities, Vol. 5, No. 5, May 1971, pp. 257 - 276;
Ross, D, "Computer-Aided Study of Literary Language", in Computer, Vol. 11, No. 8, August 1978, pp. 32 - 39; and
Koster, P, "Computer Stylistics: Swift and some contemporaries", in Computers and the Humanities, Vol. 13, No. 4, April 1979, pp. 289 - 304.
86 This type of self-reference is unfortunately incapable of analysis by the programs written for this research.
87 Herdan, G, The Advanced Theory of Language as Choice and Chance, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1966, pp. 75 - 77.
See also his Type-Token Mathematics, Mouton, The Hague, 1960.
88 For more information about this measure, see Appendix A, Techniques and Program Listings, section 2.5.2.
- Herdan, G, The Advanced Theory of Language as Choice and Chance, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1966, pp. 155- 160.
90 The numbers in parentheses refer to the relevant sub-sections of the thesis.
91 It would no doubt be instructive to investigate whether characters have particular clusters of words that they use with greater frequency than the other characters. A start was made on this by the author, but left incomplete due to lack of time.
92 See section 6.2.
93 See further H. Van Dyke Parunak, "Quality-Controlled Proofreading of Machine-Readable Texts", in The Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 51 - 54
94 This was a simple matter for The Waves, where there are only six characters and no narrative (apart from the repetition of 'said X'). For a more 'conventional' novel, the coding and programming would be necessarily more complex.
95 One of the packages that I could have chosen, the Oxford Concordance Package - available from the Oxford Computing Centre and providing a good range of general text-analysis features in addition to the generation of concordances - at the time did not provide all the facilities that I desired.
96 It should be pointed out that this is not the approach adopted by the Oxford Concordance Package, which processes the text from scratch each time it is invoked. This approach however does save on disk space at the expense of both CPU time and convenience.
97 See section A.2.2.2 for a listing of TABBUILD.
98 As a guide to its size, the main data table derived from The Waves occupied some 2000K of disk space. The text itself only occupied some 600K of disk space.
99 See section A.2.3.2 for a listing of TABAN.
100 I have not included a listing of TEXTAN both because it is a trivial program, and for space reasons.